Contrary to previous research, female athletes subscribed to different ritual habits than male athletes (Buhrmann, Brown, & Zaugg, 1982 Gregory & Petrie, 1975). Individual athletes were found to exhibit a higher internal LOC compared to team athletes. A lesser belief in God-mediated control emerged as a slight predictor of less belief in the effectiveness of superstitions and therefore, less usage of superstitious behaviors. Athletes who had lesser beliefs in God-mediated control were less likely to be optimistic. Optimism and Pessimism did not affect athletes’ overall practice of superstitious behaviors. Findings supported previous research (Bleak & Frederick, 1998 Todd & Brown, 2001) that LOC does not effect superstitious behavior in Division I athletes. The Superstitious Ritual Questionnaire (Bleak & Frederick, 1998), Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994), and Belief in Personal Control Scale (Berrenberg, 1987) were the instruments used to assess the variables of interest. Previous research regarding locus of control (LOC) and the use of superstitions by athletes was equivocal. Questionnaires were administered to determine if personal control or optimism and pessimism was associated with the use of superstitious behaviors in Division I athletes.
The usage of superstitious behavior in relation to personal control and optimism and pessimism was examined among 208 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes.
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